Implementation of the structural approach required the design of drainage pattern models, hierarchical and relational models, extraction of pattern attributes, and design of a classification strategy thomanson and gonzalez, 1981. The drainage pattern of an area is the result of the geological time period, nature, and structure of rocks, topography, slope, etc. In clay and concrete pipes usually 30 cm long and 5 10 cm in diameter drainage water enters the pipes through the joints see fig. Random system a random field drainage system is used where the topography is undulating or rolling and has isolated wet areas. Usually, rivers in both these drainage types flow through a highly sloping surface. For surface drainage to be successful, ditches must be dug in a parallel pattern. A drainage basin is the topographic area from which a stream collects runoff, throughflow, and groundwater flow. The basins drainage patterns may provide insights into its geomorphic development during the. The resulting drainage pattern is called centripetal drainage. Dendritic drainage pattern dendritic drainage systems from greek, dendrites, of or pertaining to a tree are the most common form of drainage system.
If you could look down on a river from above, you would. Drainage pattern a pattern created by stream erosion over time that reveals characteristics of the kind of rocks and geologic structures in a. For example, if the largest stream in this map view entered the ocean the basin would be a third order basin. A study of the patterns assumed by drainage lines suggests the existence of types additional to those commonly recognized. In geomorphology, drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by. About 77% of the drainage area consisting of the ganga, the brahmaputra, the. Parallel drainage system is a pattern of rivers caused by steep slopes with some relief. Design guidance is provided for the design of storm drainage systems which collect, convey, and discharge stormwater flowing within and along the highway right ofway. Table 1 below represents ads standard perforation patterns for aashto class ii. A drainage system is described as accordant if its pattern correlates to the structure and relief of the landscape over which it flows. The drainage patterns in the south slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The manhattan prong has been completed for you as an example. Discordant drainage patterns are classified into two main types.
In a dendritic system, there are many contributing streams analogous to the twigs of a tree, which are then joined together into the tributaries of the main river the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively. Quantitative description and classification of drainage. A region that has prominent parallel and perpendicular faults, repeated folds, or a strong rectangular jointing pattern will display a rectangular or trellis drainage. A small, young stream like the st marys s on the map will have a low order. Drainage patterns are determined by regional geology and reflect control by structures. Drainage patterns are patterns rivers form when their water drains into larger bodies of. Roads will affect the natural surface and subsurface drainage pattern of a watershed or individual hillslope.
Dendritic drainage pattern parallel drainage pattern. A drainage basin is the topographic region from which a stream. Some lakes that receive drainage like this do have an outlet stream, in which case the drainage is not truly centripetal. Check the link to download drainage system in india pdf drainage system in india pdf. Dec 28, 2019 drainage systems drainage patterns drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. A watershed represents all of the stream tributaries that flow to some location along the stream channel. Methods andprocedures are given for the hydraulic design of storm drainage systems. The shape of the pattern depends on rocks, soil, climate and the changes made to the river. If you could look down on a river from above, you would see. Drainage density and drainage patterns each organized system of stream tributaries exhibits spatial characteristics that provide important information about the nature of the drainage basin. Finally, in looking at the different types of drainage systems, there is the newer and more innovative type of trench drain called the slot drain.
Jan 05, 2015 this feature is not available right now. Radial drainage patterns form when rivers originate from a hill and flow in all directions. This pattern is common to such conically shaped features as volcanoes. Antecedent and superimposed discordant and 8 accordant. Types of subsurface drainage systems managing wet soils. All forms of transitions can occur between parallel, dendritic, and trellis patterns. On these features the drainage may exhibit a combination of radial patterns a good example of a radial drainage pattern is provided by the rivers originating from the amarkantak mountain. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns generally are subdivided into basic and modified basic. The information contained in this manual was created to further the knowledge and professionalism of individuals involved in drainage projects. Jan 19, 2016 based on the shape and formation of river patters, there are different drainage patterns. The most common types of systems are french drains, channel drains, downspouts, slope drains, and a drainage ditch. Antecedent drainage or inconsequent drainage a part of a river slope and the surrounding area gets uplifted and the river sticks to its original slope, cutting through the uplifted portion like a saw vertical erosion or vertical down cutting, and forming deep gorges.
In a concordant drainage pattern, the path of the river is highly dependent on the slope of the river and topography. The most suited drainage system is influenced by topography, rainfall, outfall type and location and especially soil type. Stream drainage georgia southwestern state university. Other geological features on which radial drainage commonly develops are domes and laccoliths. Because of the steep slopes, the streams are swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in the same direction. A dendritic drainage pattern in the karoo these are tributaries in the upper reaches of the gouritz river. The ditches are shallow and will act as canals for runoff water. What is drainage pattern and different types of drainage. Drainage patterns can be classified into following 4 types depending upon their origin, spatial distribution, subsurface flow and channel characteristics. This pattern forms after initial stages of fluvial dissection zernitz 1932. Thus various types of drainage patterns develop in a region and these drainage patterns reflect the structure of the rock. Pdf a study of variables characterizing drainage patterns in river. Trellis drainage the game ends when you get all 4 questions correct, or when you give up.
They are governed by tectonic irregularity, nature of underlying rock strata, and the gradient of the land. Rectanglar drainage system radial drainage system deranged drainage system annular drainage. Drainage patterns are classified on the basis of their form and texture. A drainage pattern is described as discordant if it does not correlate to the topology surface relief features and geology geological features based on both endogenetic movements and exogenetic movements of the area.
Figure 1 aerial photo illustrating dendritic pattern in gila county, az. A fourth type of drainage pattern, which is not specific to a drainage basin, is known as radial figure. In simple words, in a discordant drainage pattern, the river follows its initial path irrespective of the changes in topography. Volcanoes usually display excellent radial drainage. Drainage system refers to the origin and development of streams through time. Annular drainage is a pattern of concentric circles that are connected by short radial stream segments. Drainage pattern is an important element in geologic interpretation of aerial photos. Concordant drainage patterns are the most commonly found drainage patterns and are classified into many types. Watch a video with full explanation for drainage system of india, geography class 9 ncert along with short pdf summary notes for your exam.
Artificial drainage pattern and natural drainage pattern. Road drainage design has as its basic objective the reduction andor elimination of energy generated by flowing water. Dendritic or tree shaped drainage pattern is the most common and widespread pattern to be found on the earths surface. Lot grading is the reshaping or sloping of the land in such a way that surface drainage from rain runoff is directed away from the buildings and is controlled in a manner that eliminates or minimizes the impact on adjacent properties and county rightofways. At present, much research has been done on the description of drainage patterns in geography. Based on the formation of river patterns the drainage patterns are classified into two types discordant and concordant drainage pattern.
Pdf the present day drainage patterns of the congo river. The main drain is generally placed in the lowest natural depression, and smaller drains. A dendritic drainage pattern is the most common form and looks like the branching pattern of tree roots. A numerical aproach to the analysis and classification of channel network patterns article pdf available in water resources research 302. Other articles where drainage pattern is discussed. Drainage patterns drainages tend to develop along zones where rock type and structure are most easily eroded. Stream drainage patterns start by reading the first. In geomorphology, a drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Drainage patterns and their significance the journal of. Tributaries join at more obtuse angles on steeper slopes. The ditches will lead the water into the main drain or away. A parallel pattern also develops in regions of parallel, elongate landforms like. Drainage patterns depend on the topography and geology of the land accordant drainage patterns. The slot drains appearance is unique when compared to other systems because it comes as a presloped and preassembled single piece of surface drainage.
Natural drainage, however, is often inadequate and artificial or manmade drainage is required. They develop on a land surface where the underlying rock is of uniform resistance to erosion. It focuses solely on all aspects of exterior drainage, from the identification of the problem to the design and installation of the solution. The centripetal drainage pattern is just the opposite of the radial as.
Types of drainage patterns over time, a stream system achieves a particular drainage pattern to its network of stream channels and tributaries as determined by local geologic factors. There are four main types of residential drainage systems. The tributary streams extend the head ward reaches upslope toward the top of the volcano. Regardless of how the water arrived, all drainage systems are meant to divert water so there are not leaks into the house, standing water that attracts. Types of drainage system drainage systems can fall into one of several categories, depending on the topography and geology of the land. Distinctive patterns are acquired by stream networks in consequence of adjustment to geologic structure. Apr 23, 2020 home drainage is the system by which water is drained away from the home. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as being part of drainage basins.
In this live gr 12 geography show we look at drainage systems in south africa. Dec 10, 2016 a drainage basin is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, through flow, and groundwater flow. The antecedent and superimposed drainage systems have been discussed in detail. Their shape or pattern develops in response to the local topography and subsurface geology. Drainage patterns are formed based on the channel and shape of rivers which forms a part of the drainage basin. Drainage patterns or nets are classified on the basis of their form and texture. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins found in an area vary and the larger the topographic map, the more information on the drainage basin is available. In the early history of a network, and also when erosion is reactivated by earth movement or a fall in sea level, downcutting by trunk streams and extension of. The important point is that the underlying rock types and geologic structures in. After a brief introduction into the need for drainage in agricultural lands.
Artificial drainage pattern includes surface drainage pattern and subsurface drainage pattern. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins found in an area varies and the larger the topographic map, the more information on the drainage basin is available. Jun 07, 2018 different types of drainage pattern includes broadly two types. Rectangular pattern shows some degree of resemblance to trellised drainage pattern as tributary streams in both the patterns join their master streams almost at right angle but the confluence angle in trellised pattern is guided by the strikes and dip angle of the rock beds. Drainage patterns are formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. More detailed explanations of each drainage type and how to determine which drainage system to use are covered in greater detail in other agnotes in the managing wet soils series. The three main types of drainage patterns are illustrated in figure. A drainage pattern is described as discordant if it does not correlate to the topography and geology of the area. A drainage pattern that looks like tree branches with lots of twigs is known as a dendritic drainage pattern. Read on to learn some common types of drainage patterns, such as. Dendritic drainage pattern occurs when the tributary systems subdivides headway like the limbs of a tree.
A drainage pattern which looks like tree branches with lots of twigs is known as dendritic drainage pattern. Drainage patterns drainage pattern refers to the shape of the river system caused by the underlying rock. Principles of exterior drainage nds stormwater management. Manishika jain explains the drainage patterns of two types viz. Nov 24, 2015 drainage patterns are formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Based on the correlation between the topology and the direction of flow, drainage patterns are classified into. Whilst the congo basin contains one of the worlds largest fluvial systems, little is known about the basins geomorphic evolution during the cenozoic. The ditches will lead the water into the main drain or away from the home. The area from which the water flows to form a stream is known as its drainage basin. Annular drainage dendriticdrainage deranged drainage parallel drainage radial drainage trellis drainage.
Rectanglar drainage system radial drainage system deranged drainage system annular drainage pattern. The methodology to classify these patterns consisted of drainage pattern models, hierarchical and relational models, attribute extraction, and classification strategies. In this lesson we discuss terminology relating to drainage basins, we look at the types of rivers as well as the underlying rock structure, development and characteristics of drainage basins. Pennsylvania drainage patterns many drainage patterns in the west are dendritic because of massive sedimentary rock layers.
A drainage pattern is described as concordant if it correlates to the topology and geology of the area. Control of the groundwater table by means of buried pipes. The flow of water through welldefined channels is known as drainage and the network of such channels is known as drainage system. This pattern develops on the flat rocks of uniform resistant. Perforation type maximum slot length or diameter maximum slot width minimum inlet area in mm in mm in mm in2ft cm2m 4 100 slot 0. Bedrock type met, ign, sed age of bedrock time period city found in landscape if any allegheny plateau the catskills atlantic coastal plain adirondack mountains erieontario lowlands newark lowlands major rivers match the following landscapes with their respective drainage patterns. A more detailed classification of drainage patterns is herewith presented, in the belief that clearer conceptions regarding the various types will increase their usefulness in interpreting structural controls of drainage evolution. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Drainage pattern a pattern created by stream erosion over time that reveals characteristics of the kind of rocks and geologic structures in a landscape region drained by streams. Drainage pattern is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Parallel drainage patterns form where there is a pronounced slope to the surface.
Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. The results indicated that a digital computer can assist human interpretation of. On the basis of the map pattern formed by the stream channels the drainage patterns may be of following types. Drainage patterns over time, a stream system achieves a particular drainage pattern to its network of stream channels and tributaries as determined by local geologic factors. Eight patterns types were quantitatively described and classified. The streams within a drainage basin form certain patterns, depending on the slope of land, underlying rock structure as well.
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